What is the primary cause of Barrett's esophagitis?

Barrett's esophagitis primarily develops as a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This condition arises when stomach acid persistently flows back into the esophagus, leading to inflammation and tissue changes. Over time, the normal squamous cells lining the esophagus are replaced by a type of cell more similar to those found in the intestinal lining, a process known as intestinal metaplasia. This transformation is significant because it increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer.

While factors such as obesity, smoking, and high alcohol consumption can contribute to an increased risk of developing GERD, they are not the underlying cause of Barrett's esophagitis itself. Instead, they may exacerbate the reflux symptoms that lead to the changes in esophageal tissue associated with Barrett's esophagitis.